This holiday season, almost half of Americans are likely to avoid shopping at stores that were affected by data breaches over the past year, according to a new CreditCards.com report. This includes large retailers such as Target, Home Depot and Neiman Marcus.

According to the report, 45 percent of major credit and debit card holders say they would “definitely” or “probably not” shop at a retailer where consumers’ personal information (including credit and debit card data) was exposed. This includes 29 percent who probably would not shop there, even if they used to frequent the store, and 16 percent who definitely would no longer shop there.

A silver lining for retailers is that the highest-income households (those with annual income of $75,000 or above) are the least likely to avoid affected stores (only 31 percent say they would do so, versus 56 percent of households with annual income under $30,000). And women are significantly more likely to continue shopping at affected stores than men.

One in eight Americans say they are more likely to shop with credit cards this holiday season. Forty-eight percent of major credit and debit card holders plan to pay with cash more frequently this holiday season in response to data breaches.